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The Swedish Model

Robert Ludwig, MD

JAMA. 1986;255(18):2482.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text PDF and any section headings.

BOXING is a dangerous sport. There is always a risk of brain damage. Professional boxing has been banned in Sweden since 1969. Medical supervision of amateur boxing is very strict and now well accepted. Special rules and restrictions to protect the boxer's health have now been practiced for more than ten years. As a consequence of this, there have been fewer knockouts (last season only 1%) and no brain damage has been detected.

There are 136 boxing clubs in Sweden with 1,080 active boxers. Only five currently active boxers have had more than 100 matches. No boxer is more than 30 years old, and none has been knocked out more than twice.

No actual boxing is allowed before the age of 15 years. Between 10 and 15 years of age, only technical training is permitted. In competition, points are counted for different technical details. In this age range, a boxer . . . [Full Text PDF of this Article]

Author Affiliations
Huddinge, Sweden

Footnotes
Reprints not available.

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