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Ronald Michael, MD
Northwestern University Chicago, Ill

JAMA. 1989;262(13):1771.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text PDF and any section headings.

To the Editor.—

The controversy that rages in THE JOURNAL over one snake or two¹ is a simple matter to settle. Do we as physicians wish to be represented by the staff of Asklpios, for whatever aesthetic or nostalgic reasons, or do we wish to be associated with the oldest symbol of the healing profession? Serpents, to be sure, have been linked to fertility cults for many millennia.^2,3 With these we need not concern ourselves. Our task is to identify the first serpent-and-staff motif unequivocally associated with healing and accept it as our emblem.

History takes us back to Sumer, cultural predecessor of Assyria and Babylonia. Here, for the first time, we find on a libation vase to the god Ningishzida a deity represented by two serpents entwined around a staff.⁴ This deity, the personal god of Gudea, ruler of Lagash in southern Mesopotamia around 2150 BC, . . . [Full Text PDF of this Article]

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