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The International Amateur Athletic Federation Plan

Arne Ljungqvist, MD, PhD; Joe Leigh Simpson, MD

JAMA. 1992;267(6):850-852.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text PDF and any section headings.

FOR DECADES, success in competitive international sports has been fostered to promote national prestige and even to support superiority of certain political systems. (The former German Democratic Republic is but one prominent example of a nation in which high-level competitive sports were explicitly chosen as a vehicle to enhance a newly formed nation's identity. Other countries naturally sought to meet the competition; thus, a quasi "arms race" in sports developed.) Given the great national prestige engendered and the considerable expenditures involved in international competitive sports, it is not surprising that individual athletes or even nations were unable to resist the temptation of using illicit methods to "win at all costs." One prominent example of cheating is doping, usually with drugs. Another type of cheating, namely, the possibility that men may masquerade as women in women's events, was widely discussed in the early 1960s.

For editorial comment see p 853.

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Author Affiliations
for the International Amateur Athletic Federation Work Group on Gender Verification

From the Department of Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Ljungqvist), and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee, Memphis (Dr Simpson).

Footnotes
A complete list of the signatories of the International Amateur Athletic Federation Work Group on Gender Verification appears at the end of this article.

Reprint requests to Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee, 800 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163 (Dr Simpson).

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