Efficacy and Safety of Tifacogin (Recombinant Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor) in Severe Sepsis
A Randomized Controlled Trial
- Edward Abraham, MD;
- Konrad Reinhart, MD;
- Steven Opal, MD;
- Ignace Demeyer, MD;
- Christopher Doig, MD, MSc;
- Angel López Rodriguez, MD;
- Richard Beale, MD;
- Petr Svoboda, MD, PhD;
- Pierre Francois Laterre, MD;
- Stuart Simon, MD;
- Bruce Light, MD;
- Herbert Spapen, MD;
- Judy Stone, MD;
- Allan Seibert, MD;
- Claus Peckelsen, MD;
- Cathy De Deyne, MD;
- Russell Postier, MD;
- Ville Pettilä, MD;
- Antonio Artigas, MD;
- Sandra R. Percell, PhD;
- Vincent Shu, PhD;
- Christian Zwingelstein, PharmD;
- Jeffrey Tobias, MD;
- Lona Poole, MD;
- James C. Stolzenbach, PhD;
- Abla A. Creasey, PhD;
- for the OPTIMIST Trial Study Group
- Author Affiliations: Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver (Dr Abraham); Anaesthesia Intensivtherapie, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Reinhart); Infectious Disease Division, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI (Dr Opal); Intensive Care Department, Onze-Lieve-Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium (Dr Demeyer); Department of Critical Care, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta (Dr Doig); Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain (Dr Rodriguez); Intensive Care Research Office, St Thomas Hospital, London, England (Dr Beale); Research Centre for Traumatology and Surgery of Ministry of Health, Brno, Czech Republic (Dr Svoboda); Intensive Care Service, University Hospital St Luc, Brussels, Belgium (Dr Laterre); South East Research Associates at Wellstar Cobb Medical Center, Austell, Ga (Dr Simon); St Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Dr Light); Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium (Dr Spapen); Memorial Hospital, Cumberland, Md (Dr Stone); Mobile Diagnostic Center at Providence Park, Mobile, Ala (Dr Seibert); City Hospital Munich-Harlaching, Munich, Germany (Dr Peckelsen); Oost Limburg Hospital, Genk, Belgium (Dr De Deyne); Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (Dr Postier); Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (Dr Pettilä); Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Dr Sprung); Corporació Sanitaria Parc Tauli, Sabadell, Spain (Dr Artigas); Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, Calif (Drs Percell, Zwingelstein, Tobias, Poole, and Creasey); and Pharmacia Corporation, Skokie, Ill (Drs Shu and Stolzenbach).
Abstract
Context The expression and release of tissue factor is a major trigger for the activation of coagulation in patients with sepsis. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) forms a complex with tissue factor and blood protease factors leading to inhibition of thrombin generation and fibrin formation.
Objectives To determine if administration of tifacogin (recombinant TFPI) provides mortality benefit in patients with severe sepsis and elevated international normalized ratio (INR) and to assess tifacogin safety in severe sepsis, including patients with low INR.
Design and Setting A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, phase 3 clinical trial conducted from March 21, 2000, through September 27, 2001, in 245 hospitals in 17 countries in North America, Europe, and Israel.
Patients The primary efficacy population consisted of 1754 patients (≥18 years) with severe sepsis and a high INR (≥1.2) randomly assigned to intravenous infusion of either tifacogin (0.025 mg/kg per hour for 96 hours, n = 880) or placebo (arginine citrate buffer, n = 874), and 201 patients with a low INR (<1.2) randomly assigned to receive the same dose of either tifacogin or placebo.
Main Outcome Measure All-cause 28-day mortality.
Results Overall mortality at 28 days in the tifacogin-treated group (n = 880) vs the placebo group (n = 874) for high INR was 34.2% vs 33.9%, respectively (P = .88, Pearson χ2 test; P = .75, logistic regression model). None of the protocol-specified secondary end points differed between the tifacogin vs placebo groups. An analysis on the first 722 patients demonstrated a mortality rate of 38.9% for placebo vs 29.1% for tifacogin (P = .006, Pearson χ2 test). Tifacogin significantly attenuated prothrombin fragment 1.2 and thrombin:antithrombin complex levels (P<.001, 2-sample t test) in patients with high and low INR. Overall mortality was lower in the tifacogin response in patients with low INR (12%; n = 83) vs placebo (22.9%; n = 118) (P = .051, Pearson χ2 test; P = .03, logistic regression model). There was an increase in serious adverse events with bleeding in the tifacogin group in both cohorts (6.5% tifacogin and 4.8% placebo for high INR; 6.0% tifacogin and 3.3% placebo for low INR).
Conclusions Treatment with tifacogin had no effect on all-cause mortality in patients with severe sepsis and high INR. Tifacogin administration was associated with an increase in risk of bleeding, irrespective of baseline INR.
