Postmenopausal Estrogen for Treatment of Hot Flashes
Clinical Applications
- Heidi D. Nelson, MD, MPH
- Author Affiliations: Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, and Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.
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Corresponding Author: Heidi D. Nelson, MD, MPH, Oregon Health and Science University, Mail Code BICC 504, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239 (nelsonh@ohsu.edu).
Abstract
Use of postmenopausal estrogen has changed since the release of the first results from the Women's Health Initiative in 2002. Professional organizations, the US Food and Drug Administration, and the US Preventive Services Task Force have issued new recommendations against use of estrogen and progestin or progesterone for prevention of chronic conditions. This article applies the current state of evidence for postmenopausal estrogen use to management decisions in 2 clinical scenarios initiating therapy in a perimenopausal woman with hot flashes and discontinuing estrogen use in a long-term user.
- KEYWORDS:
- estrogen therapy
- hot flashes
- menopause
- risk assessment
- scientific review and clinical applications (levinson w, ed)
- women's health
Use of postmenopausal estrogen has changed since the release of the first results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) in 2002.1 Professional organizations,2 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA),3 and the US Preventive Services Task Force4 have issued new recommendations against use of estrogen and progestin or progesterone for prevention of chronic conditions. Recent announcements of termination of the estrogen-only group of the WHI due to increased incidence of strokes among estrogen users increases concerns about safety.5 Treatment of menopausal symptoms remains an indication for estrogen use, and the FDA advises physicians to use the smallest effective dose for the shortest duration possible.3 Most menopausal women experience symptoms at menopause that include vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flashes, sleep disturbances, mood changes, urogenital atrophy, and other adverse events that can diminish quality of life. Although many women have mild, transient symptoms, many other women find their symptoms disruptive. For these women, estrogen may serve a useful role in short-term symptom management. This article applies the current state of evidence for postmenopausal estrogen use to management decisions in 2 clinical scenarios.
Patient 1: Initiating Therapy in a Perimenopausal Woman With Hot Flashes
A 49-year-old woman seeks the advice of her physician on how to manage hot flashes. She has been having irregular menstrual periods during the past 6 months and has had increasingly frequent episodes of hot flashes that wake her from sleep at least weekly. She has no other major health problems as determined by her history, recent physical examination, and routine laboratory test results. Her primary sources of information about menopause have been the popular press and discussions with friends.
Although this woman's hot flashes are currently increasing in frequency, she may find it helpful to know that an estimated 30% to 50% of women have improved hot flashes within several months,6 and hot flashes resolve in most women within 4 to 5 years.7-8 Many women can tolerate their menopausal symptoms if they are mild and transient; however, the nature, frequency, severity, and duration of symptoms vary widely among individuals.7-8 In a study of menopausal women,9 more than half of respondents reported that symptoms other than hot flashes, such as sleep disturbance and genitourinary symptoms, strongly influenced their decision making about initiating hormone therapy. All menopausal symptoms should be addressed and included in a management plan, if indicated.
Algorithms guiding a decision-making process for menopausal symptoms are available10; however, they are not evidence-based and have not been subjected to trials demonstrating effectiveness. Additional evaluations, including hormone tests, are usually not needed to evaluate menopause, although follicle-stimulating hormone levels may be helpful to sort out symptoms in a woman who has undergone hysterectomy without removal of her ovaries. In such patients, the inability of using uterine bleeding as a marker makes the distinction of perimenopause and menopause more difficult. Women and physicians must identify individual benefits and harms of interventions based on the woman's experiences, her personal preferences, and relevant evidence and then develop a management plan through a shared decision-making process.11-12 Women have previously expressed dissatisfaction with the decision-making process with physicians regarding menopause, although the opinion of physicians is also important to their decisions.9, 13-15 A woman is the best judge of what symptoms are present and tolerable and what management strategies and outcomes are acceptable for her. Improved patient education16-17 and communication may enhance this process.
Interest has grown for use of dietary supplements containing isoflavones from soy or red clover to treat hot flashes, and these remedies are being used as alternatives to estrogen.18-20 However, randomized controlled trials do not support their effectiveness.21-22 Limited trials of other agents, such as black cohosh, dong quai, evening primrose oil, Chinese herbs, vitamin E, and acupuncture, also indicate no benefit in treating hot flashes.21 Other prescription medications, including megestrol, clonidine, or antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, have been shown to reduce hot flashes by 40% to 80% in a limited number of trials.23-27 Although head-to-head comparisons are lacking, these agents are less effective than estrogen6 and require prescriptions and monitoring for adverse effects.
Is postmenopausal estrogen appropriate for a healthy perimenopausal woman presenting with vasomotor symptoms? This woman meets the FDA's recently revised approved indications for postmenopausal estrogen, which include treatment of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats, vulvar and vaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness and itching, and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.3 The FDA also recommends that women with primarily vulvar and vaginal atrophy use topical products rather than systemic estrogen and women with osteoporosis use other nonestrogen products as first-line therapy.3
Potential benefits for this woman include improvement of menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes,6 sleep disturbances,28-30 urogenital atrophy,31-32 and possibly mood disorders.28, 33-38 Evidence for improvement of hot flashes is based on a large number of randomized controlled trials of symptomatic women in their late 40s and early 50s.6, 39 Improvement in sleep disturbances28-30 and urogenital atrophy31-32 is supported by a fewer number of randomized controlled trials reporting a variety of measures. Studies of improvement in mood28, 33-38 are suggestive of benefit, but study methods and outcome measures vary, rendering results inconclusive. Data from the WHI, a large randomized controlled prevention trial of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) and medroxyprogesterone acetate, indicate improved vasomotor symptoms among women aged 50 to 54 years who were randomized to estrogen.40 These women also reported small improvements in sleep disturbances but not improvements in other quality-of-life outcomes, such as fatigue, bodily pain, and depression, among others.40
Osteoporosis prevention is another potential benefit of postmenopausal estrogen use. Randomized controlled trials of estrogen indicate improved bone density for estrogen users,41 including women in early menopause.42 The WHI analysis indicated reduced total fractures among estrogen users aged 50 to 54 years (hazard ratio [HR], 0.68; unadjusted 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49-0.93) but not among women aged 55 to 59 years (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.71-1.16).43 An analysis of the subgroup of women in the WHI with menopausal symptoms has not been published. The role of estrogen or other medications in preventing osteoporosis in women without low bone density is controversial, because the long-term benefits and adverse effects of this strategy are not known. Use of nonestrogen agents, such as bisphosphonates, to treat established osteoporosis is supported by randomized controlled trials41 and is recommended as the first choice.3
This woman has no known contraindications to using estrogen, including undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding, current or previous venous or arterial thrombotic events, breast cancer, other estrogen-sensitive cancers, or liver dysfunction or disease.44 Estrogen can cause breast tenderness, vaginal bleeding, headaches, nausea, weight change, and other symptoms in some women.6 Estrogen users in the WHI underwent more procedures to evaluate vaginal bleeding than the placebo group (endometrial biopsies, 33.4% vs 5.7%, P<.001; transvaginal uterine ultrasounds, 12.8% vs 4.1%, P<.001), although cases of endometrial cancer were not higher (27 vs 31 cases; rate, 0.06% per person-year).45 Estrogen use increases risks for cholecystitis,46-47 thromboembolic events,1, 48 coronary artery disease,49 and stroke50 (Table 1). Risk for cholecystitis was elevated by 40% to 80% in studies that did not specifically evaluate risk in symptomatic women in early menopause.45, 47 Risk for thromboembolic events was increased approximately 3-fold in the first year of use and 2-fold in subsequent years in a number of studies with women from wide age ranges.51-52 In the WHI, a subgroup of estrogen users aged 50 to 59 years with hot flashes at baseline did not have significantly increased risks for coronary heart disease events (nonfatal myocardial infarction and death due to coronary heart disease) or stroke compared with placebo, and there were few events in both groups (coronary heart disease events: 21 estrogen users, 17 placebo users; stroke: 13 estrogen users, 5 placebo users).49-50 Studies51, 53 do not support increased breast cancer incidence with fewer than 4 or 5 years of use.
Table. Potential Adverse Effects With Estrogen Use in the Women's Health Initiative
Although several types of estrogen are approved in the United States, oral CEE is the most commonly used despite a decline in use after the results of the WHI were released (from 63% of total estrogen prescriptions in 2001 to 50% in 2003).54 Other oral estrogens comprised 34% of estrogen prescriptions in 2003, transdermal estrogens comprised 11%, and vaginal estrogens comprised 6%.54 Trial data indicate that CEE and oral and transdermal 17β-estradiol have similar effectiveness in treating hot flashes.6 Limited numbers of trials of other estrogens indicate effectiveness also,55-58 but few provide direct comparisons among agents.59 Data about adverse effects are inconsistently collected across trials and are difficult to compare among agents.
A range of doses is available for most estrogen agents, and doses can be adjusted depending on improvement of symptoms and presence of adverse effects. Package inserts recommend starting at a low dose; for example, for oral CEE, begin at 0.3 mg/d.44 Although fertility decreases in perimenopause, contraceptive issues need to be addressed. Perimenopausal women with continuing menstrual cycles may require initiation of a low-dose estrogen oral contraceptive rather than a starting dose of CEE or 17β-estradiol, for example, to protect against unintended pregnancy.60-61 Estrogen is combined with a progestin or progesterone for a woman with a uterus to prevent endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer62 and can be given on a daily or cyclic regimen. A woman taking menopausal estrogen should follow up periodically with her physician to assess her response, monitor adverse effects, reassess benefits and harms, and reexamine her need for estrogen. Dose and regimen adjustments may be required for optimal therapy. Trials discontinuing therapy or decreasing dose have been suggested after 2 to 3 years to help assess continued needs for estrogen.27
Patient 2: Discontinuing Estrogen Use in a Long-term User
A 61-year-old woman has been taking combined continuous estrogen for nearly 10 years and wants to discontinue its use. Use of estrogen was initially begun to control hot flashes, but she has continued to use it because of beliefs about potential cardiovascular and osteoporosis benefits. When the initial results of the WHI were released in 2002,51 she immediately stopped using it. Although she experienced frequent hot flashes initially, she understood that they were temporary and put up with them. After a couple of months of this, however, she resumed use because her symptoms interfered with her sleep and she started to feel depressed and generally not well. She has no major medical problems and uses no medications.
Prescribing data indicate that the number of dispensed prescriptions for monthly estrogen therapy in the United States decreased from 91 million in 2001 to 57 million in 2003, demonstrating a continuing downward trend since publication of the WHI1 and Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study II63-64 results in July 2002.54 This patient, and many more, determined that her risks outweighed the benefits of estrogen therapy, and she appropriately decided to stop use. However, she may have discontinued use of her estrogen too abruptly the first time and experienced withdrawal symptoms.
Her preferences are as important in planning to discontinue estrogen use as they are in initiating it. One option is to gradually taper her dose. This approach is based on clinical judgment, not evidence, but is similar to tapers of other medications. For women who stopped using postmenopausal estrogen, resuming use at a lower dose may relieve symptoms and start the taper, although some women may require a return to their original dose for symptom control. Once symptoms are relieved, doses can be decreased in a stepwise fashion by reducing the daily dose, reducing the number of days per week that estrogen is taken, or a combination.27 Individually tapering off the estrogen dose is important and some women will take longer than others and may require several weeks or months at each step. If the patient's depression and feelings of ill health are substantial or continue after her hot flashes are controlled, a separate evaluation is needed. Postmenopausal estrogen is not a treatment for depression, and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor may be effective for both hot flashes and depression.24-25
Evidence of harms with continued use is relevant to this woman. Harms of continuing long-term therapy include a 2-fold increased risk of thromboembolic events1, 48 and increases in risks for stroke and myocardial infarction.49-50 She has a 2.5-fold increased risk for cholecystitis with long-term use, a higher risk than for short-term use.46 Long-term use could increase her risk for breast cancer.51, 53
She may have had some osteoporosis benefit with estrogen use42-43; however, it would be difficult to quantify this unless serial bone density test results had been obtained. Current evidence-based guidelines recommend screening for osteoporosis for all women aged 65 years or older and women aged 60 to 64 years with increased risk defined as low body weight and nonuse of estrogen.65-66 Women with previous fractures and other conditions related to osteoporosis, such as steroid use, require bone density monitoring outside screening guidelines. If she does not have these risk factors or other indications for bone densitometry, then performing bone densitometry before discontinuation of estrogen use at the age of 61 years is not warranted. She should be informed of recommendations to decrease her risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis by weight-bearing exercise and adequate calcium (1200 mg/d) and vitamin D intake.67 As with all patients changing or discontinuing therapy, she should be followed up periodically with her physician to assess her response, monitor adverse effects, reexamine her needs, and make adjustments.
Conclusion
Much attention has focused on the appropriate use of postmenopausal estrogen since the first reports from the WHI became available. As details of this trial are released, physicians and women are frequently challenged to determine how these data translate to practice. New evidence-based practice standards are emerging that clearly limit the role of postmenopausal estrogen use. However, for selective symptomatic women, short-term use may have a favorable benefit-harm ratio.
