Racial Differences in the Use of BRCA1/2 Testing Among Women With a Family History of Breast or Ovarian Cancer
- Katrina Armstrong, MD, MSCE;
- Ellyn Micco, BA;
- Amy Carney, BA;
- Jill Stopfer, MS;
- Mary Putt, ScD
- Author Affiliations: Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (Dr Armstrong, Mss Micco, Carney, and Stopfer); Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (Dr Armstrong); Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine (Drs Armstrong and Putt); Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania (Dr Armstrong); Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Dr Armstrong), Philadelphia, Pa.
- Corresponding Author: Katrina Armstrong, MD, MSCE, 1204 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (karmstro{at}mail.med.upenn.edu).
Abstract
Context Given the current context of racial disparities in health and health care and the historical context of eugenics, racial disparities in the use of genetic susceptibility testing have been widely anticipated. However, to our knowledge there are no published studies examining the magnitude and determinants of racial differences in the use of genetic susceptibility testing.
Objectives To investigate the relationship between race and the use of BRCA1/2 counseling among women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer and to determine the contribution of socioeconomic characteristics, cancer risk perception and worry, attitudes about genetic testing, and interactions with primary care physicians to racial differences in utilization.
Design, Setting, and Participants Case-control study (December 1999-August 2003) of 408 women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, of whom 217 underwent genetic counseling for BRCA1/2 testing (cases) and 191 women did not (controls). Participants received primary care within a large health system in greater Philadelphia, Pa.
Main Outcome Measures Probability of carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation, socioeconomic characteristics, perception of breast and ovarian cancer risk, worry about breast and ovarian cancer, attitudes about BRCA1/2 testing, and primary care physician discussion of BRCA1/2 testing were measured prior to undergoing BRCA1/2 counseling for cases and at the time of enrollment for controls.
Results African American women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer were significantly less likely to undergo genetic counseling for BRCA1/2 testing than were white women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer (odds ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.40). This association persisted after adjustment for probability of BRCA1/2 mutation, socioeconomic characteristics, breast and ovarian cancer risk perception and worry, attitudes about the risks and benefits of BRCA1/2 testing, and primary care physician discussion of BRCA1/2 testing (adjusted odds ratio for African American vs white, 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-0.89).
Conclusions Racial disparities in the use of BRCA1/2 counseling are large and do not appear to be explained by differences in risk factors for carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation, socioeconomic factors, risk perception, attitudes, or primary care physician recommendations. The benefit of predictive genetic testing will not be fully realized unless these disparities can be addressed.
