Temporal Trends in Early Clinical Manifestations of Perinatal HIV Infection in a Population-Based Cohort
- David R. Berk, MD;
- Meira S. Falkovitz-Halpern, PhD;
- David W. Hill, MPH;
- Catherine Albin, MD, PhD;
- Antonio Arrieta, MD;
- Jane M. Bork, MD;
- Deborah Cohan, MD, MPH;
- Bjorn Nilson, MD;
- Ann Petru, MD;
- Juan Ruiz, MD, MPH;
- Peggy Sue Weintrub, MD;
- Wanda Wenman, MD;
- Yvonne A. Maldonado, MD;
- for the California Pediatric HIV Study Group
- Author Affiliations: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (Drs Berk, Falkovitz-Halpern, and Maldonado and Mr Hill); Department of Pediatrics, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, Calif (Dr Albin); Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, Calif (Dr Arrieta); Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital, Loma Linda, Calif (Dr Bork); University of California, San Francisco and Bay Area Perinatal AIDS Center/San Francisco General Hospital (Dr Cohan); Specialty Services, University Medical Center, Fresno, Calif (Dr Nilson); Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital & Research Center at Oakland (Dr Petru); California Department of Health Services, Office of AIDS, Sacramento (Dr Ruiz); University of California at San Francisco (Dr Weintrub); and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Sacramento (Dr Wenman).
- Corresponding Author: Yvonne A. Maldonado, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, G312B ID, MC 5208, Stanford, CA 94305-5208 (bonniem{at}stanford.edu).
Abstract
Context The effect of early antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the early progression of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is not well defined.
Objective To examine early disease progression and survival in a population-based cohort with perinatal HIV infection in relation to year of birth and use of ART.
Design, Setting, and Patients Retrospective study of temporal trends in early progression of perinatal HIV infection among 205 HIV-infected children in Northern California born between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 2001, and followed up through age 3 years.
Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of and age at progression to a first US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention category C diagnosis relative to year of birth, type of ART, and age at initiation of therapy.
Results Of 205 children, 134 (65%) received ART and/or Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis. By age 3 years, 81 (40%) progressed to a category C diagnosis, 41 (51%) of whom died. Untreated children were significantly more likely to progress to a category C diagnosis (62% [44/71] untreated vs 28% [37/134] treated children, P<.001); none of 23 infants who received triple ART progressed to category C. However, even without triple ART, very early mono/dual ART (by age 2 months vs 3-4 months) was associated with delayed and decreased progression to category C (P = .02). Of 33 children born between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2001, only 7 (21%) progressed to category C (P = .02 compared with 1988-1995), 6 of 7 of whom received no therapy. More recent year of birth and more advanced therapy were associated with improved survival.
Conclusions This population-based cohort demonstrated decreased early HIV progression and improved survival at age 3 years, associated with more advanced therapy. Although limited by small sample size, the findings suggest that very early treatment, even without triple ART, was associated with improved outcome.
