Follow-up Testing Among Children With Elevated Screening Blood Lead Levels

Abstract

Context  Follow-up testing after an abnormal screening blood lead level is a key component of lead poisoning prevention.

Objectives  To measure the proportion of children with elevated screening lead levels who have follow-up testing and to determine factors associated with such care.

Design, Setting, and Participants  Retrospective, observational cohort study of 3682 Michigan Medicaid-enrolled children aged 6 years or younger who had a screening blood lead level of at least 10 μg/dL (0.48 μmol/L) between January 1, 2002, and June 30, 2003.

Main Outcome Measure  Testing within 180 days of an elevated screening lead level.

Results  Follow-up testing was received by 53.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.2%-55.5%) of the children. In multivariate analysis adjusting for age, screening blood lead level results, and local health department catchment area, the relative risk of follow-up testing was lower for Hispanic or nonwhite children than for white children (0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.94), for children living in urban compared with rural areas (0.92; 95% CI, 0.89-0.96), and for children living in high- compared with low-risk lead areas (0.94; 95% CI, 0.92-0.96). Among children who did not have follow-up testing, 58.6% (95% CI, 56.3%-61.0%) had at least 1 medical encounter in the 6-month period after the elevated screening blood lead level, including encounters for evaluation and management (39.3%; 95% CI, 36.9%-41.6%) or preventive care (13.2%; 95% CI, 11.6%-14.8%).

Conclusions  The rate of follow-up testing after an abnormal screening blood lead level was low, and children with increased likelihood of lead poisoning were less likely to receive follow-up testing. At least half of the children had a missed opportunity for follow-up testing. The observed disparities of care may increase the burden of cognitive impairment among at-risk children.