Prevalence and Cardiovascular Disease Correlates of Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescents and Adults
- Mercedes R. Carnethon, PhD;
- Martha Gulati, MD, MS;
- Philip Greenland, MD
- Author Affiliations: Department of Preventive Medicine (Drs Carnethon, Gulati, and Greenland) and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (Drs Gulati and Greenland), Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill.
- Corresponding Author: Mercedes R. Carnethon, PhD, Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 680 N Lake Shore Dr, Suite 1102, Chicago, IL 60611 (carnethon{at}northwestern.edu).
Abstract
Context Population surveys indicate that physical activity levels are low in the United States. One consequence of inactivity, low cardiorespiratory fitness, is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality, but the prevalence of cardiorespiratory fitness has not been quantified in representative US population samples.
Objectives To describe the prevalence of low fitness in the US population aged 12 through 49 years and to relate low fitness to CVD risk factors in this population.
Design, Setting, and Participants Inception cohort study using data from the cross-sectional nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Participants were adolescents (aged 12-19 years; n = 3110) and adults (aged 20-49 years; n = 2205) free from previously diagnosed CVD who underwent submaximal graded exercise treadmill testing to achieve at least 75% to 90% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate. Maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) was estimated by measuring the heart rate response to reference levels of submaximal work.
Main Outcome Measures Low fitness defined using percentile cut points of estimated V̇o2max from existing external referent populations; anthropometric and other CVD risk factors measured according to standard methods.
Results Low fitness was identified in 33.6% of adolescents (approximately 7.5 million US adolescents) and 13.9% of adults (approximately 8.5 million US adults); the prevalence was similar in adolescent females (34.4%) and males (32.9%) (P = .40) but was higher in adult females (16.2%) than in males (11.8%) (P = .03). Non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans were less fit than non-Hispanic whites. In all age-sex groups, body mass index and waist circumference were inversely associated with fitness; age- and race-adjusted odds ratios of overweight or obesity (body mass index ≥25) ranged from 2.1 to 3.7 (P<.01 for all), comparing persons with low fitness with those with moderate or high fitness. Total cholesterol levels and systolic blood pressure were higher and levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower among participants with low vs high fitness.
Conclusion Low fitness in adolescents and adults is common in the US population and is associated with an increased prevalence of CVD risk factors.
