Association of Socioeconomic Status With Functional Capacity, Heart Rate Recovery, and All-Cause Mortality
- Mehdi H. Shishehbor, DO, MPH;
- David Litaker, MD, PhD;
- Claire E. Pothier, MS, MPH;
- Michael S. Lauer, MD
- Author Affiliations: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic (Drs Shishehbor and Lauer and Ms Pothier); Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center (Dr Litaker), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (Drs Lauer and Litaker), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
- Corresponding Author: Michael S. Lauer, MD, Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Desk JJ-40, Cleveland, OH 44195 (lauerm{at}ccf.org).
Abstract
Context Lower socioeconomic status (SES) confers heightened cardiovascular risk and mortality, although the mediating pathways are unclear.
Objective To evaluate the extent to which exercise physiologic characteristics account for the association between lower SES and mortality.
Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective cohort study of 30 043 consecutive patients living in 7 counties in northeast Ohio referred between 1990 and 2002 for symptom-limited stress testing for evaluation of known or suspected coronary artery disease. Follow-up for mortality continued through February 2004.
Main Outcome Measures Estimated functional capacity in metabolic equivalents and heart rate recovery, physiologic characteristics that are determined directly from exercise; testing and all-cause mortality during a median follow-up of 6.5 years.
Results Multivariable models adjusting for demographics, insurance status, smoking status, and clinical confounders demonstrated a strong association between a composite SES score based on census block data and functional capacity (adjusted odds ratio comparing 25th with 75th percentile values, 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-1.89; P<.001) as well as heart rate recovery (adjusted odds ratio comparing 25th with 75th percentile values, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.07-1.30; P<.001). There were 2174 deaths, with mortality risk increasing from 5% to 10% as SES decreased by quartile (P<.001). Cox proportional hazards models that included all confounding variables except exercise physiologic characteristics demonstrated increased mortality as SES decreased (adjusted hazard ratio comparing 25th with 75th percentile values, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.22-1.42; P<.001). After further adding functional capacity and heart rate recovery, the magnitude of this relationship was reduced (comparing 25th with 75th percentile values; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.08-1.26; P<.001), with these variables explaining 47% of the association.
Conclusions Impaired functional capacity and abnormal heart rate recovery were strongly associated with lower SES and accounted for a major proportion of the correlation between SES and mortality. Efforts to modify these clinical features among patients with low SES may narrow disparities in mortality.
