Association of Temporal Trends in Risk Factors and Treatment Uptake With Coronary Heart Disease Mortality, 1994-2005
- Harindra C. Wijeysundera, MD;
- Márcio Machado, PhD;
- Farah Farahati, PhD;
- Xuesong Wang, MSc;
- William Witteman, MIS;
- Gabrielle van der Velde, DC, PhD;
- Jack V. Tu, MD, PhD;
- Douglas S. Lee, MD, PhD;
- Shaun G. Goodman, MD, MSc;
- Robert Petrella, MD, PhD;
- Martin O’Flaherty, MD, MSc;
- Murray Krahn, MD, MSc;
- Simon Capewell, MD
- Author Affiliations: Division of Cardiology, Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Wijeysundera and Tu); Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Wijeysundera, Machado, Farahati, van der Velde, and Krahn and Mr Witteman); Department of Medicine (Drs Wijeysundera, Lee, Goodman, and Krahn), Faculty of Pharmacy (Dr Krahn), and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Ms Wang and Drs Tu and Lee), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Work and Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr van der Velde); University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Lee and Krahn); Canadian Heart Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario (Dr Goodman); Division of Cardiology, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Goodman); Department of Family Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (Dr Petrella); and Division of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England (Drs O’Flaherty and Capewell).
Abstract
Context Coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality has declined substantially in Canada since 1994.
Objective To determine what proportion of this decline was associated with temporal trends in CHD risk factors and advancements in medical treatments.
Design, Setting, and Patients Prospective analytic study of the Ontario, Canada, population aged 25 to 84 years between 1994 and 2005, using an updated version of the validated IMPACT model, which integrates data on population size, CHD mortality, risk factors, and treatment uptake changes. Relative risks and regression coefficients from the published literature quantified the relationship between CHD mortality and (1) evidence-based therapies in 8 distinct CHD subpopulations (acute myocardial infarction [AMI], acute coronary syndromes, secondary prevention post-AMI, chronic coronary artery disease, heart failure in the hospital vs in the community, and primary prevention for hyperlipidemia or hypertension) and (2) population trends in 6 risk factors (smoking, diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, plasma cholesterol level, exercise, and obesity).
Main Outcome Measures The number of deaths prevented or delayed in 2005; secondary outcome measures were improvements in medical treatments and trends in risk factors.
Results Between 1994 and 2005, the age-adjusted CHD mortality rate in Ontario decreased by 35% from 191 to 125 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants, translating to an estimated 7585 fewer CHD deaths in 2005. Improvements in medical and surgical treatments were associated with 43% (range, 11% to 124%) of the total mortality decrease, most notably in AMI (8%; range, −5% to 40%), chronic stable coronary artery disease (17%; range, 7% to 35%), and heart failure occurring while in the community (10%; range, 6% to 31%). Trends in risk factors accounted for 3660 fewer CHD deaths prevented or delayed (48% of total; range, 28% to 64%), specifically, reductions in total cholesterol (23%; range, 10% to 33%) and systolic blood pressure (20%; range, 13% to 26%). Increasing diabetes prevalence and body mass index had an inverse relationship associated with higher CHD mortality of 6% (range, 4% to 8%) and 2% (range, 1% to 4%), respectively.
Conclusion Between 1994 and 2005, there was a decrease in CHD mortality rates in Ontario that was associated primarily with trends in risk factors and improvements in medical treatments, each explaining about half of the decrease.
